Martin Hagemann, CFA, works for a large brokerage firm in Frankfurt, Germany. Hagemann has been hired by Tryssen AG, a global research-based company that is preparing to go public after a long history of operating privately. The need to raise substantial amounts of capital to fund research and development activities is seen as the key motivation for the change in policy. Tryssen is engaged in the discovery, development, manufacture, marketing, and sale of medical products.
Hagemann's first task is to recommend an exchange upon which Tryssen stock can be traded. One possibility is the Deutsche Bourse. The Deutsche Bourse operates primarily as a continuous order-driven system. Another alternative that Tryssen is considering is to list on a different exchange that operates as a price-driven system.
As an alternative, Tryssen may choose to list as an American Depository Receipt (ADR). ADRs are negotiable U .S . securities that usually represent a non-U .S . based company's publicly traded equity. Although typically denominated in U .S . dollars, depository receipts can also be denominated in euros. Depository receipts can be eligible to trade on all U .S . stock exchanges as well as on many European stock exchanges.
The increasing demand for depository receipts is driven by the desire of individual and institutional investors to diversify their portfolios, reduce risk and invest internationally in the most efficient manner possible. While most investors recognize the benefits of global diversification, there are many challenges presented when investing directly in local trading markets. Obstacles can include inefficient trade settlements, uncertain custody services, and costly currency conversions. Depository receipts overcome many of the inherent operational and custodial hurdles inherent in international investing. Tryssen has decided to access the U .S . market by involving itself in an ADR program. Tryssen has decided to save itself a lot of trouble, however, by not complying with SEC registration and reporting requirements.
As an alternative to ADRs, investors interested in increasing their exposure to international investments can choose to acquire exchange traded funds (ETFs). Hagemann researches the advantages and disadvantages of ETFs.
Execution costs are always a concern, and perhaps even more so for international investors. At the present time, Tryssen AG is most concerned with how reliably it can estimate trading costs. As part of the cost estimation process, Hagemann is asked to provide a report on the advantages and disadvantages of techniques used to reduce execution costs.
Trysse AG proceeds to list on the Frankfurt exchange, and a U .S . affiliate of Hagemann's company starts to aggressively promote the stock. A U .S . investor buys 200 shares of Tryssen at a price of 20 per share. At time of purchase, the exchange rate is 1 = $1.15. One month later Tryssen pays a dividend of 0.25 per share, and investors are subject to a withholding tax of 20%. The U .S . investor is eligible to claim a tax credit of $0.06 per share. At the time the dividend was paid, the shares had jumped to 24 each and the U .S . dollar had weakened to 1 = $ 1.20. The shares were sold just after the dividend was paid.
Which of the following best describes a comparative advantage of a price-driven system over an order-driven system?

William Rogers, a fixed-income portfolio manager, needs to eliminate a large cash position in his portfolio. He would like to purchase some corporate bonds. Two bonds that he is evaluating are shown in Exhibit I. These two bonds are from the same issuer, and the current call price for the callable bond is 100. Assume that the issuer will call if the bond price exceeds the call price.
Rogers is also concerned about increases in interest rates and is considering the purchase of a putable bond. He ants to determine how assumed increases or decreases in interest rate volatility affect the value of the straight bonds and bonds with embedded options. After Rogers performs some analysis, he and his supervisor, Sigourney Walters, discuss the relative price movement between the two bonds in Exhibit 1 when interest rates change significantly
During the discussions, Rogers makes the following statements:
Statement 1: If the volatility of interest rates decreases, the value of the callable bond will increase.
Statement 2: The noncallable bond will not be affected by a change in the volatility or level of interest rates.
Statement 3: When interest rates decrease, the value of the noncallable bond increases by more than the callable bond.
Statement4: If the volatility of interest rates increases, the value of the putable bond will increase.

Rogers obtained the prices shown in Exhibit b using software that generates an interest rate lattice. He uses his software to generate the interest rate lattice shown in Exhibit 2.
Exhibit 2: Interest Rate Lattice (Annualized Interest Rates)

Kevin Rathbun, CFA, is a financial analyst at a major brokerage firm. His supervisor, Elizabeth Mao, CFA, asks him to analyze the financial position of Wayland, Inc. (Wayland), a manufacturer of components for high quality optic transmission systems. Mao also inquires about the impact of any unconsolidated investments.

Susan Foley, CFA, is Chief Investment Officer of Federated Investment Management Co. (FIMCO), a large investment management firm that includes a family of mutual funds as well as individually managed accounts. The individually managed accounts include individuals, personal trusts, and employee benefit plans. In the past few months, Foley has encountered a couple of problems.
The Tasty IPO
Most portfolio managers of FIMCO have not participated in the initial public offering (IPO) market in recent years. However, recent changes to the compensation calculation at FIMCO have tied manager bonuses to portfolio performance. The changes were outlined in a letter that was sent out to clients and prospects shortly before the new bonus structure took effect. Carl Lee, CFA, is one portfolio manager who believes that investing in IPOs may add to his client's equity performance and, in turn, increase his bonus. While Lee's individual clients have done quite well this year, his employee benefit plans have suffered as a result of limited exposure to the strongest performing sector of the market. Lee has placed an order for all employee benefit plans to receive an allocation of the Tasty Doughnut IPO. Tasty is an over-subscribed IPO that Lee knew would make money for his clients. When he placed the order, Lee's assistant reminded him that one pension plan. Ultra Airlines, was explicitly prohibited from investing in IPOs in its investment policy statement, due to the under-funded status of the pension plan. Lee responded that the Tasty IPO would never actually be owned in Ultra's account, because he would sell the IPO stock before the end of the day and realize a profit before the position ever hit the books.
Another manager, Franz Mason, CFA, who manages accounts for about 150 individuals, is also interested in the Tasty IPO. Mason visits Lee's portfolio assistant and quizzes him about Lee's participation in the Tasty deal. Mason is sure that Lee would not have bought into Tasty unless he had done his homework. Mason places an order for 10,000 shares of the IPO. Mason returns to his desk and begins to allocate the IPO shares among his clients. Mason divides his client base into two groups: clients who are income-oriented and clients who arc capital gains-oriented. Mason believes those clients that are income-oriented are fairly risk averse and could not replace lost capital if the Tasty Doughnut deal lost money. Mason believes the capital gains-oriented accounts arc better able to withstand the potential loss associated with the Tasty IPO. Accordingly, Mason allocates his 10,000 share order of the Tasty IPO strictly to his capital appreciation clients using a pro rata allocation based on the size of the assets under management in each account.
FIMCO Income Fund (FIF)
Over the past three years, the FIF, with $5 billion in assets, has been the company's best performing mutual fund. Jane Ryan, CFA, managed the FIF for seven years, but resigned one year ago to start her own hedge fund. Under Ryan, the FIF invested in large cap stocks with reliable dividends. The fund's prospectus specifies that FIF will invest only in stocks that have paid a dividend for at least two quarters, and have a market capitalization in excess of $2.5 billion. Foley appointed FIMCO's next best manager (based on 5-year performance numbers) Steve Parsons, CFA, to replace Ryan. Parsons had been a very successful manager of the FIMCO Opportunity Fund, which specialized in small capitalization stocks. Six months after Parsons took over the helm at FIF. the portfolio had changed. The average market capitalization of FIF's holdings was $12.8 billion, as opposed to $21 billion a year ago. Over the same period, the average dividend yield on the portfolio had fallen from 3.8% to 3.1%. The performance of the FIF lagged its peer group for the first time in three years. In response to the lagging performance, Parsons purchased five stocks six months ago. Parsons bought all five stocks, none of which paid a dividend at the time of purchase, in anticipation that each company was likely to initiate dividends in the near future. So far, four of the stocks have initiated dividend payments, and their performance has benefited as a result. The fifth stock did not initiate a dividend, and Parsons sold the position last week. Largely due to the addition of the five new stocks, the FIF's performance has led its peer group over the past six months.
Before leaving FIMCO, Ryan had told Foley that above-average returns from both the management and client side could be gained from entering into the risk-arbitrage hedge fund market. Ryan had tried to convince FIMCO management to enter the risk-arbitrage market, but the firm determined that no one had the experience or research capability to run a risk-arbitrage operation. As a result, Ryan started the Plasma Fund LLC one month after leaving FIMCO. Foley remembers seeing Ryan at the annual FIMCO client dinner parly (before she left the firm) discussing the profits to be made from risk-arbitrage investing with several large FIF shareholders. Ryan mentioned that she would be opening the Plasma Fund to these FIMCO clients, several of whom made substantial investments in the first months of Plasma Fund's life. After Ryan resigned and left her office, Foley performed an inventory of firm assets signed out to Ryan. One of the copies of the proprietary stock selection software packages, FIMCO-SelectStock, assigned to Ryan was missing along with several of the SelectStock operating manuals. When Foley contacts Ryan about the missing software and manuals, Ryan states that the reason she took the SelectStock software was that it was an out of date version that FIMCO's information technology staff had urged all managers to discard.
Has there been any violation of CFA Institute Standards of Professional Conduct relating to either the change in the average holdings of the FIF during the first six months of Parsons's leadership, or in Parsons's subsequent investment in the non-dividend paying stocks?

Frank Hoskins and Paul Lanning are economists for a large U .S . investment advisory firm. Platinum Advisors. Hoskins and Lanning use their independent research on U .S . stocks and international stocks to provide advice for the firm's network of advisors. As the senior economist at Platinum, Hoskins is a partner in the firm and is Lanning's supervisor. Lanning has worked for Platinum for the past four years. At a lunch meeting, the two economists discuss the usefulness of economic theory, economic data, and the resulting forecasts of the global economic and stock market activity.
Hoskins is investigating the growth prospects of the country of Maldavia. Maldavia is a formerly communist country with a population of 3 million located in Eastern Europe. The Maldavian government had been aggressive in instituting political reform and encouraging the growth of financial markets. However, due to a recent insider trading scandal and resulting stock market volatility, the Maldavian government is considering restrictions on further stock market growth and the establishment of a national securities regulator. Hoskins states that these developments are not encouraging for future economic growth.
Lanning is examining the country of Petra. Petra is a country of 25 million located in South America and rich with natural resources including oil. The recently elected president of Petra, Carlos Basile, has announced that he would like to diversify the country's economy away from natural resources while nationalizing the oil industry. Lanning states that these changes would not be beneficial for the future growth of the Petrian economy.
One of the many items they study when examining an economy or stock market is the economic information released by governments and private organizations. Hoskins and Lanning use this information to determine the effects on economic growth and the appropriate portfolio allocations to the bond and stock markets. Examining information for Maldavia, Hoskins has learned that the Maldavian private sector has embarked on an ambitious plan to increase labor productivity by purchasing more machinery for its factories. The private sector feels compelled to do this because Maldavia has historically relied too heavily on labor as the main input into production. Plotting the productivity curve for Maldavia, Hoskins states that labor productivity should increase because the productivity curve will shift upward and to the right.